Jezik in slovstvo

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Slovenska književnost
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Uredništvo <-> bralci

Jezik in slovstvo
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Irena Stramljič Breznik

Oblikovanje poimenovanj za besedne vrste v slovensko pisanih slovnicah med leti 1791-1854
Formation of Word Class Terms in Grammars Written in Slovene Between 1791 and 1854

Slovenski sinopsis
English synopsis
English summary

Slovenski sinopsis

Zgodovinski pogled na oblikovanje besednovrstnega izrazja na temelju besedotvorne analize prinaša naslednje ugotovitve: pri vseh obravnavanih slovničarjih 19. stoletja z izjemo Zagajška je pri upoštevanju temeljnih načel za oblikovanje termina razpoznavna težnja, v izrazu zajeti definicijske lastnosti besednih vrst. Oblikovani izrazi so v devetdesetih odstotkih samostalniške izpeljanke, večinoma obraziljene z moškospolskimi morfemi. Vse naštete lastnosti pa predstavljajo pozitivno tradicijo, iz katere črpa tudi današnje jezikoslovno izrazjetvorje.

English synopsis

A historical review of the formation of terms for word classes, based on word-formation analysis, shows that all those 19^th century grammarians whose texts were analyzed, with the exception of Zagajšek, tended to create terms that would incorporate defining properties of particular word classes. In 90 per cent. of the cases, these terms were derived nouns, mostly with masculine suffixes. All these features make up the positive tradition upon which also contemporary linguistic terminology formation is founded.

English summary

A historical review of the formation of terms for word classes shows that present-day terms heavily rely on the tradition of terminology in grammars written in the Slovene language in the 19^th century. Many terms had the same underlying generative pattern, which then developed into different surface realization, highly dependent on the grammarian's (word-former's) level of awareness about the word-formation potentials of the Slovene language.

An important pioneer of Slovene terminology was Zagajšek. The strong German influence in his efforts is reflected in a large number of compounds, which resulted from literal translations of German terms: he took Slovene translations of components of German terms and glued them together.

Valentin Vodnik was also very productive in word class terminology. His terms --- glagol (verb), medmet (interjection), predlog (preposition) and vez (copula; partly changed in the suffix) have survived until the present day. The felicity of his terms is due to his good command of the word-formation system, which he discussed on fourteen pages of his grammar-book (148-162). He justified each word class name in terms of the function of the word class, and explained where he got the term and why he adopted it (e.g. for glagol, verb), displaying his broad knowledge and familiarity with the Russian grammatical terminology, especially, as is well known, from the grammars by Smotritsky (1619) and Lomonosov (1757).

Muršec and Malavašič mainly borrowed their terms from Vodnik. In the light of today's terms, a special place goes to Majar. His terms with the typical structure of noun phrases has either been preserved till today or has served as the foundation for today's terms. Ime samostavno (name standing alone) and ime pridavno (name added to) are actually the underlying formative patterns for today's samostalnik (noun, 'which stands alone') and pridevnik (adjective, 'which is added to'), just as Muršec was the co-author with his zaime (pronoun, 'which /stands/ for a name') of today's version of zaimek (pronoun). The terms glagol(j) (verb), prislov (adverb) and two names that were widely recognized already in Vodnik's time, namely medmet (interjection) and vez (copula), have remained in use to the present day. Janežič made a step away from these terms by introducing prilog and prirečje for pridevnik (adjective) and prislov (adverb) respectively. In this chain of terminology development, Slomšek earned the reputation of a systemically consistent, yet excessively individual creative mind. His terms failed to survive for at least two reasons: his textbook Blaže inu Nežica v nedeljski šoli (Blaže and Nežica in Sunday school) was not the obligatory grammar book in schools and it did not deal with language matters exclusively; and secondly, all his names for word classes, though systemically consistent and derived nouns, had feminine endings, which made them grammatically marked and thus less appropriate as technical terms, which ideally tend to be unmarked.

In terms of observing basic principles of term formation all these grammarians, with the exception of Zagajšek, tended to create names that would incorporate defining properties of particular word classes. In 90 per cent. of the cases, these terms were derived nouns, mostly with masculine suffixes. All these features make up the positive tradition upon which also contemporary linguistic terminology formation is founded.